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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eulersche Formel</span></h1>
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<p>Die <b>eulersche Formel</b> bzw. <b>Eulerformel</b>, in manchen Quellen auch <b>eulersche Relation</b>, ist eine <a href="Gleichung" title="Gleichung">Gleichung</a>, die eine grundsätzliche Verbindung zwischen den <a href="Trigonometrische_Funktion" title="Trigonometrische Funktion">trigonometrischen Funktionen</a> und den komplexen <a href="Exponentialfunktion" title="Exponentialfunktion">Exponentialfunktionen</a> mittels <a href="Komplexe_Zahlen" class="mw-redirect" title="Komplexe Zahlen">komplexer Zahlen</a> herstellt. Sie wurde erstmals 1748 von <a href="Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> veröffentlicht und hat zahlreiche Anwendungen in der Mathematik und den (angewandten) Naturwissenschaften.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eulersche_Formel">Eulersche Formel</h2></div>
<p>Die eulersche Formel bezeichnet die für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y\in \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
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</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y\in \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e17075a7abdf541b17004d8b9d0dac081860d685.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.674ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y\in \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> gültige Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} y}=\cos \left(y\right)+\mathrm {i} \,\sin \left(y\right)}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
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<mi>y</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>)</mo>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
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<mi>sin</mi>
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<mo>(</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} y}=\cos \left(y\right)+\mathrm {i} \,\sin \left(y\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fc9932fdd48256145ef8498fcb8e6ed2e16c6911.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.795ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} y}=\cos \left(y\right)+\mathrm {i} \,\sin \left(y\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei die Konstante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
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</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a1f6ea7bf1c1e53e8200cb7e2917ccb23df457b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.032ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Eulersche_Zahl" title="Eulersche Zahl">eulersche Zahl</a> (Basis der <a href="Nat%C3%BCrliche_Exponentialfunktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Natürliche Exponentialfunktion">natürlichen Exponentialfunktion</a> bzw. des <a href="Logarithmus" title="Logarithmus">natürlichen Logarithmus</a>) und die Einheit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/18f0f09f6fc40e634d34aed6e205ac0f7a40e062.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.647ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} }" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Imagin%C3%A4re_Einheit" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaginäre Einheit">imaginäre Einheit</a> der komplexen Zahlen bezeichnen.
</p><p>Als Folgerung aus der eulerschen Formel ergibt sich für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z={x+\mathrm {i} y}\in \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
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<mi>y</mi>
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<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z={x+\mathrm {i} y}\in \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a94b8d90d162b98f628c3c755468d95c9e7ee50.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.678ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z={x+\mathrm {i} y}\in \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span> die Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{z}=\mathrm {e} ^{x+\mathrm {i} y}=\mathrm {e} ^{x}\cdot \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} y}=\mathrm {e} ^{x}\cdot \left(\cos \left(y\right)+\mathrm {i} \,\sin \left(y\right)\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
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<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
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<mi>y</mi>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
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<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
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<mo>(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>)</mo>
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</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{z}=\mathrm {e} ^{x+\mathrm {i} y}=\mathrm {e} ^{x}\cdot \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} y}=\mathrm {e} ^{x}\cdot \left(\cos \left(y\right)+\mathrm {i} \,\sin \left(y\right)\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/56677820c1a61ddecbec07ba7fab9222f9165231.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:44.361ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{z}=\mathrm {e} ^{x+\mathrm {i} y}=\mathrm {e} ^{x}\cdot \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} y}=\mathrm {e} ^{x}\cdot \left(\cos \left(y\right)+\mathrm {i} \,\sin \left(y\right)\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Herleitung_mittels_Reihenentwicklung">Herleitung mittels Reihenentwicklung</h2></div>

<p>Die eulersche Formel lässt sich aus den <a href="Maclaurinsche_Reihe" title="Maclaurinsche Reihe">maclaurinschen Reihen</a> (Taylorreihe mit Entwicklungsstelle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{0}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{0}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9d18a96da37e1748deeb8d4c590dd4ad6629efef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.645ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{0}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>) der Funktionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{y},\sin y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{y},\sin y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c976116d5a325f20932ee9518c175d7402f63351.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.514ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{y},\sin y}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \cos y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cos y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1e5dc3c06f98442600ceebd5f420d874dc94f5db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.654ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \cos y}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y\in \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y\in \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e17075a7abdf541b17004d8b9d0dac081860d685.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.674ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y\in \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span>, herleiten
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} y}&amp;=1+\mathrm {i} y+{(\mathrm {i} y)^{2} \over 2!}+{(\mathrm {i} y)^{3} \over 3!}+{(\mathrm {i} y)^{4} \over 4!}+\dots \\&amp;=\left(1-{\frac {y^{2}}{2!}}+{\frac {y^{4}}{4!}}-\dots \right)+\mathrm {i} \cdot \left(y-{\frac {y^{3}}{3!}}+{\frac {y^{5}}{5!}}-\dots \right)\\&amp;=\cos(y)+\mathrm {i} \cdot \sin(y)\end{aligned}}}">
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<mn>2</mn>
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} y}&amp;=1+\mathrm {i} y+{(\mathrm {i} y)^{2} \over 2!}+{(\mathrm {i} y)^{3} \over 3!}+{(\mathrm {i} y)^{4} \over 4!}+\dots \\&amp;=\left(1-{\frac {y^{2}}{2!}}+{\frac {y^{4}}{4!}}-\dots \right)+\mathrm {i} \cdot \left(y-{\frac {y^{3}}{3!}}+{\frac {y^{5}}{5!}}-\dots \right)\\&amp;=\cos(y)+\mathrm {i} \cdot \sin(y)\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6d9ae664165ab04b3c6bdf50298a4dbd75595c56.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -7.016ex; margin-bottom: -0.322ex; width:55.408ex; height:15.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} y}&amp;=1+\mathrm {i} y+{(\mathrm {i} y)^{2} \over 2!}+{(\mathrm {i} y)^{3} \over 3!}+{(\mathrm {i} y)^{4} \over 4!}+\dots \\&amp;=\left(1-{\frac {y^{2}}{2!}}+{\frac {y^{4}}{4!}}-\dots \right)+\mathrm {i} \cdot \left(y-{\frac {y^{3}}{3!}}+{\frac {y^{5}}{5!}}-\dots \right)\\&amp;=\cos(y)+\mathrm {i} \cdot \sin(y)\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Umformungen basieren auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} ^{2}=-1.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1.</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} ^{2}=-1.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c70ed61797014507069e84897d9a80acca352bcf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:8.417ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} ^{2}=-1.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eulersche_Identität"><span id="Eulersche_Identit.C3.A4t"></span>Eulersche Identität</h2></div>

<p>Für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y=\pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y=\pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5d185782275eb8494f15f59f016b205c0a81d935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.586ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y=\pi }" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich aus der eulerschen Formel die sogenannte <b>eulersche Identität</b>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} \pi }={-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} \pi }={-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/762260b01c3db6e0cc2e624c3bcb2ff1c3156535.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:8.733ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} \pi }={-1}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>die einen einfachen Zusammenhang zwischen vier der bedeutendsten <a href="Mathematische_Konstante" title="Mathematische Konstante">mathematischen Konstanten</a> herstellt: der <a href="Eulersche_Zahl" title="Eulersche Zahl">eulerschen Zahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a1f6ea7bf1c1e53e8200cb7e2917ccb23df457b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.032ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }" loading="lazy"></span>, der <a href="Kreiszahl" title="Kreiszahl">Kreiszahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\pi } }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {\pi } }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2d2df573baf3600899459b2590ecec98052ab85c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.332ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\pi } }" loading="lazy"></span>, der imaginären Einheit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/18f0f09f6fc40e634d34aed6e205ac0f7a40e062.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.647ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} }" loading="lazy"></span> sowie der reellen Einheit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die folgende umgeformte Variante der Gleichung wird bisweilen – obwohl komplizierter – bevorzugt, da in ihr mit der <a href="Null" title="Null">Null</a> noch eine weitere mathematisch bedeutende Konstante hinzukommt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} \pi }+1=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} \pi }+1=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f2bca7543787faa55f2781b4d3df77aaed2a7fdb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:10.928ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} \pi }+1=0}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Sie wird auch als die „schönste Formel der Mathematik“ bezeichnet, da sie neben den erwähnten fünf bedeutendsten Konstanten auch noch die drei Grundrechenarten „plus“, „mal“ und „hoch“ enthält sowie das wichtigste Zeichen der Mathematik, das <a href="Gleichheitszeichen" title="Gleichheitszeichen">Gleichheitszeichen</a>.
</p><p>Eine weitere Version der Formel lautet
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} {\frac {\tau }{2}}}=-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} {\frac {\tau }{2}}}=-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc9733907c1a71dbdfe8aa02d9a7109fa260f078.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:9.317ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} {\frac {\tau }{2}}}=-1}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} \tau }=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} \tau }=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0b9cf1a949429080510bd48e164ec0d7a71f010.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.833ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} \tau }=1}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>mit der <a href="Kreiszahl#Alternative_Kreiszahl_τ" title="Kreiszahl">alternativen Kreiszahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Erweitert man die Definition des Zahlenwerts von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/083793a5a199cc69241f17b694e621d96f951b6d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.034ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{z}}" loading="lazy"></span> als Grenzwert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }(1+z/n)^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle \lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }(1+z/n)^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5693092cb88f573a9ebc1cf222e88bb55901c68f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.41ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle \lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }(1+z/n)^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> auf die komplexe Zahlenebene mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z\in \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z\in \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/169fae60c23a2027ece2aa7fd4b5047492887e91.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.607ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z\in \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span>, so ergibt sich dementsprechend für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z=\mathrm {i} \pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z=\mathrm {i} \pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/02366b6b36f40e9d4d63d1e658d02cad9021ee0e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.165ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z=\mathrm {i} \pi }" loading="lazy"></span> der Wert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/76a7a8e06f9f953ac8acb92698ce7ff6fa523bd7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.971ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {-1}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die nebenstehende Animation zeigt die zu einem <a href="Polygonzug_(Mathematik)" title="Polygonzug (Mathematik)">Streckenzug</a> in der komplexen Ebene verbundenen Zwischenergebnisse der Berechnung des Ausdrucks <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (1+\mathrm {i} \pi /n)^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (1+\mathrm {i} \pi /n)^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dea6ac516a581c2eb38b554c39bda7ecc3b458a1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.567ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (1+\mathrm {i} \pi /n)^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>: Sie veranschaulicht, dass dieser Streckenzug für wachsendes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> die Form eines Kreisbogens annimmt, dessen linkes Ende sich tatsächlich der Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/76a7a8e06f9f953ac8acb92698ce7ff6fa523bd7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.971ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {-1}}" loading="lazy"></span> auf der reellen Achse nähert.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beziehung_zwischen_Exponentialfunktionen_und_trigonometrischen_Funktionen">Beziehung zwischen Exponentialfunktionen und trigonometrischen Funktionen</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formulierung">Formulierung</h3></div>
<p>Die eulersche Formel ist ein zentrales Bindeglied zwischen <a href="Analysis" title="Analysis">Analysis</a> und <a href="Trigonometrie" title="Trigonometrie">Trigonometrie</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sin x={\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} x}-\mathrm {e} ^{-\mathrm {i} x}}{2\mathrm {i} }},\quad \cos x={\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} x}+\mathrm {e} ^{-\mathrm {i} x}}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sin x={\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} x}-\mathrm {e} ^{-\mathrm {i} x}}{2\mathrm {i} }},\quad \cos x={\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} x}+\mathrm {e} ^{-\mathrm {i} x}}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a333897c2295097879fd9c45932b6e3bde08c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:39.513ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sin x={\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} x}-\mathrm {e} ^{-\mathrm {i} x}}{2\mathrm {i} }},\quad \cos x={\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} x}+\mathrm {e} ^{-\mathrm {i} x}}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herleitung">Herleitung</h3></div>
<p><a href="Sinus_und_Kosinus" title="Sinus und Kosinus">Sinus und Kosinus</a> ergeben sich aus Realteil und Imaginärteil der komplexen Exponentialfunktion.
</p><p>Den Realteil erhält man, indem man eine <a href="Komplexe_Zahl" title="Komplexe Zahl">komplexe Zahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf368e72c009decd9b6686ee84a375632e11de98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.088ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z}" loading="lazy"></span> mit der <a href="Komplex_konjugiert" class="mw-redirect" title="Komplex konjugiert">Konjugierten</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {z}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {z}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/52dd0599595d539f7d757ec21da6c6e6ac3ad427.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.296ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {z}}}" loading="lazy"></span> addiert und durch zwei dividiert:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \cos(x)=\mathrm {Re} (\mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} x})={\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} x}+\mathrm {e} ^{-\mathrm {i} x}}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cos(x)=\mathrm {Re} (\mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} x})={\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} x}+\mathrm {e} ^{-\mathrm {i} x}}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7815e8311bb4461ed38346b7198b891dc5bc8b37.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:29.941ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \cos(x)=\mathrm {Re} (\mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} x})={\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} x}+\mathrm {e} ^{-\mathrm {i} x}}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Den Imaginärteil erhält man, indem man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {z-{\bar {z}}}{2\mathrm {i} }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {z-{\bar {z}}}{2\mathrm {i} }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f6876b04d33f23f21e0a32c71a99e938553609.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:6.061ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {z-{\bar {z}}}{2\mathrm {i} }}}" loading="lazy"></span> berechnet:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sin(x)=\mathrm {Im} (\mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} x})={\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} x}-\mathrm {e} ^{-\mathrm {i} x}}{2\mathrm {i} }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sin(x)=\mathrm {Im} (\mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} x})={\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} x}-\mathrm {e} ^{-\mathrm {i} x}}{2\mathrm {i} }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cb7a6ed6f32775d49d9debfa0d1966a3851edbcb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:29.718ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sin(x)=\mathrm {Im} (\mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} x})={\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} x}-\mathrm {e} ^{-\mathrm {i} x}}{2\mathrm {i} }}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erläuterung"><span id="Erl.C3.A4uterung"></span>Erläuterung</h3></div>
<p>Die Eulerformel erlaubt eine völlig neue Sicht auf die trigonometrischen Funktionen, da die in der herkömmlichen Trigonometrie allein mit reellen Argumenten verwendeten Funktionen <a href="Sinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinus">Sinus</a> und <a href="Kosinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosinus">Kosinus</a> nun auch noch eine Bedeutung in der komplexen Analysis erhalten.
</p><p>Die Formeln für Real- und Imaginärteil ergeben sich durch:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {Re} (a+b\,\mathrm {i} )={\frac {z+{\bar {z}}}{2}}={\frac {(a+b\mathrm {i} )+(a-b\,\mathrm {i} )}{2}}={\frac {2a}{2}}=a,\\\mathrm {Im} (a+b\,\mathrm {i} )={\frac {z-{\bar {z}}}{2\mathrm {i} }}={\frac {(a+b\,\mathrm {i} )-(a-b\,\mathrm {i} )}{2\mathrm {i} }}={\frac {2b\mathrm {i} }{2\mathrm {i} }}=b.\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
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</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {Re} (a+b\,\mathrm {i} )={\frac {z+{\bar {z}}}{2}}={\frac {(a+b\mathrm {i} )+(a-b\,\mathrm {i} )}{2}}={\frac {2a}{2}}=a,\\\mathrm {Im} (a+b\,\mathrm {i} )={\frac {z-{\bar {z}}}{2\mathrm {i} }}={\frac {(a+b\,\mathrm {i} )-(a-b\,\mathrm {i} )}{2\mathrm {i} }}={\frac {2b\mathrm {i} }{2\mathrm {i} }}=b.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/00cc37e7121c030a7af76c601539a3aea0603c68.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.171ex; width:54.679ex; height:11.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {Re} (a+b\,\mathrm {i} )={\frac {z+{\bar {z}}}{2}}={\frac {(a+b\mathrm {i} )+(a-b\,\mathrm {i} )}{2}}={\frac {2a}{2}}=a,\\\mathrm {Im} (a+b\,\mathrm {i} )={\frac {z-{\bar {z}}}{2\mathrm {i} }}={\frac {(a+b\,\mathrm {i} )-(a-b\,\mathrm {i} )}{2\mathrm {i} }}={\frac {2b\mathrm {i} }{2\mathrm {i} }}=b.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Eine Folge der Verbindung von trigonometrischen Funktionen und Exponentialfunktion aus der Eulerformel ist der <a href="Moivrescher_Satz" title="Moivrescher Satz">Moivresche Satz</a> (1730).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hyperbelfunktionen">Hyperbelfunktionen</h3></div>
<p>Versieht man die Sinus und Kosinus mit imaginären Argumenten, wird dadurch eine Brücke zu den <a href="Hyperbelfunktion" title="Hyperbelfunktion">Hyperbelfunktionen</a> geschlagen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sin(\mathrm {i} y)={\mathrm {e} ^{-y}-\mathrm {e} ^{y} \over 2\mathrm {i} }=\mathrm {i} \,{\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{y}-\mathrm {e} ^{-y}}{2}}=\mathrm {i} \,\sinh(y),}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
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<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mfrac>
<mrow>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
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<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
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</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
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</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>sinh</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sin(\mathrm {i} y)={\mathrm {e} ^{-y}-\mathrm {e} ^{y} \over 2\mathrm {i} }=\mathrm {i} \,{\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{y}-\mathrm {e} ^{-y}}{2}}=\mathrm {i} \,\sinh(y),}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/479d3ef60642a8d1f3b801904c833f7a4282e258.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:44.214ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sin(\mathrm {i} y)={\mathrm {e} ^{-y}-\mathrm {e} ^{y} \over 2\mathrm {i} }=\mathrm {i} \,{\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{y}-\mathrm {e} ^{-y}}{2}}=\mathrm {i} \,\sinh(y),}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \cos(\mathrm {i} y)={\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{-y}+\mathrm {e} ^{y}}{2}}={\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{y}+\mathrm {e} ^{-y}}{2}}=\cosh(y).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>cosh</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cos(\mathrm {i} y)={\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{-y}+\mathrm {e} ^{y}}{2}}={\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{y}+\mathrm {e} ^{-y}}{2}}=\cosh(y).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1739e4d3720c045c256537771295834eecaa34a4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:42.27ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \cos(\mathrm {i} y)={\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{-y}+\mathrm {e} ^{y}}{2}}={\frac {\mathrm {e} ^{y}+\mathrm {e} ^{-y}}{2}}=\cosh(y).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Wie zu sehen, entsprechen die beiden erhaltenen Funktionen genau den Definitionen des <a href="Sinus_hyperbolicus_und_Kosinus_hyperbolicus" title="Sinus hyperbolicus und Kosinus hyperbolicus">Sinus hyperbolicus und Kosinus hyperbolicus</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weitere_Anwendungen">Weitere Anwendungen</h2></div>

<p>Ausgehend davon findet die eulersche Formel auch zur Lösung zahlreicher anderer Probleme Anwendung, etwa bei der Berechnung der <a href="Potenz_(Mathematik)" title="Potenz (Mathematik)">Potenz</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} ^{\mathrm {i} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} ^{\mathrm {i} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a785d0cc862dbb2c39ed14253395f79b1a3ca5ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.336ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} ^{\mathrm {i} }}" loading="lazy"></span> der imaginären Einheit mit sich selbst. Obwohl das erhaltene Resultat mehrdeutig ist, bleiben alle Einzellösungen im reellen Bereich mit einem <a href="Logarithmus#Komplexer_Logarithmus" title="Logarithmus">Hauptwert</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} ^{\mathrm {i} }=\mathrm {e} ^{-\pi /2}=0{,}207\,879\dots }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0,207</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>879</mn>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} ^{\mathrm {i} }=\mathrm {e} ^{-\pi /2}=0{,}207\,879\dots }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/41192f4bb64bc8c3e8e3acd0310ec7e41b5cd10a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:24.944ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} ^{\mathrm {i} }=\mathrm {e} ^{-\pi /2}=0{,}207\,879\dots }" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Eine praktisch wichtige Anwendung der eulerschen Formel findet sich im Bereich der <a href="Wechselstrom" title="Wechselstrom">Wechselstromtechnik</a>, namentlich bei der Untersuchung und <a href="Komplexe_Wechselstromrechnung" title="Komplexe Wechselstromrechnung">Berechnung von Wechselstromkreisen</a> mit Hilfe komplexer Zahlen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte">Geschichte</h2></div>
<p>Die eulersche Formel erschien erstmals 1748 in <a href="Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Eulers</a> zweibändiger <i><a href="Introductio_in_analysin_infinitorum" title="Introductio in analysin infinitorum">Introductio in analysin infinitorum</a></i> unter der Voraussetzung, dass der Winkel eine <a href="Reelle_Zahl" title="Reelle Zahl">reelle Zahl</a> ist. Diese Einschränkung jedoch erwies sich bald als überflüssig, denn die eulersche Formel gilt gleichermaßen für alle reellen wie komplexen Argumente. Dies ergibt sich aus der eulerschen Formel mit reellem Argument in Verbindung mit dem <a href="Identit%C3%A4tssatz_f%C3%BCr_holomorphe_Funktionen" title="Identitätssatz für holomorphe Funktionen">Identitätssatz für holomorphe Funktionen</a>.
</p><p>Zuvor hatte <a href="Roger_Cotes" title="Roger Cotes">Roger Cotes</a> 1714 einen fehlerhaften mathematischen Zusammenhang veröffentlicht, welcher der eulerschen Formel ähnelt.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In moderner Notation sieht er folgendermaßen aus:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} \cdot r\cdot \ln(\cos(\varphi )+\mathrm {i} \sin(\varphi ))=r\cdot \varphi \quad {\text{(sic!)}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>(sic!)</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} \cdot r\cdot \ln(\cos(\varphi )+\mathrm {i} \sin(\varphi ))=r\cdot \varphi \quad {\text{(sic!)}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9dec0dda1cfa5d86d29726ecf4cf08ff017fa978.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:40.023ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} \cdot r\cdot \ln(\cos(\varphi )+\mathrm {i} \sin(\varphi ))=r\cdot \varphi \quad {\text{(sic!)}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei ein im Koordinatenursprung fixierter Kreis mit Radius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> und ein Winkel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }" loading="lazy"></span> zwischen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>-Achse und einem Strahl, der den Ursprung schneidet, betrachtet werden. Die imaginäre Einheit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/18f0f09f6fc40e634d34aed6e205ac0f7a40e062.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.647ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} }" loading="lazy"></span> müsste auf der anderen Seite der Gleichung stehen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Fourier-Analysis" title="Fourier-Analysis">Fourier-Analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="Kreisgruppe" title="Kreisgruppe">Kreisgruppe</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Konrad_K%C3%B6nigsberger" title="Konrad Königsberger">Konrad Königsberger</a>: <i>Analysis 1</i>. Springer, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-540-41282-4</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Cotes: <cite class="lang" lang="la" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Logometria</cite>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,. 1714, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>32</span> (Latein, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5324351035&amp;view=2up&amp;seq=38">hathitrust.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Eulersche+Formel&amp;rft.au=Roger+Cotes&amp;rft.btitle=Logometria&amp;rft.date=1714&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=32" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
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